医疗器械生产企业被视 卫生部10日公布《医疗器械召回管理办法（试行）》，并将于2011年7月1日起正式施行该办法。

2.新药总体实行费用包干制，超标部分由新药部门承担。那种摸着石头过河的精神，在如今的药企营销转型中是要不得的。

甚至有业务员指责企业反应迟钝：几年前，低端市场红火时不开拓，如今开发还有多大的发展空间？既然企业把地承包给我们，能按时交租就行，还在乎地里种什么庄稼？怎么种？ C药企当然在乎地里种了什么庄稼，蒋总经理甚至怀疑多数销售人员不务正业，企业辛苦挖好坑，销售人员却不栽树。在目前的大环境下，新药需要满足医保、独家、基药3个条件之一才有前途。只有当问候语从你转型了吗？转变到转型？你准备好了吗？，真正的转型才真正开始。如文所述，C药企没有基药，那么2012年的销售回款将会下降50%，这是恐怖的2012，因此，C药企的普药营销模式必须转型，不转型就无未来。 挖坑再深，难栽活树 去年起，C药企开始组建低端市场销售队伍，由1名业务员负责1个市，自建终端队伍。

很多销售人员嗅到了馅饼的味道，主动请缨开发高端医院市场。比如某市有三区五县，则至少在当地招聘6名销售人员，1人基本负责1个县区。这组作者说，非洲的粮食保障问题不是农业能力有限的结果，而是忽视农业发展以及贫穷、基础设施不良、耕地退化以及武装冲突的结果。

在6月22日发表于《自然》网站的文章中，Lee R. Lynd和Jeremy Woods表示，增加生物质(生物能源)的能源生产并不需要损害粮食作物的种植如果做法合适，它可以增加非洲的粮食保障和繁荣他们说，生物能源对粮食保障的影响取决于作物的生长、使用的土地、使用的技术以及这种能源供应如何纳入到农业、社会和经济体系中而且这就意味着为了促进生物能源需要考虑几个政策选项。评估生物能源对粮食保障的影响一直把重点过于放在争地的缺点上，而没有考虑到农村发展的潜在收益。这组作者提出，非洲的生物能源项目应当展示地方层面上的粮食保障的改善。

Nature:发展生物能源不需要牺牲粮食安全 2011-07-05 10:52 · tess 在6月22日发表于《自然》网站的文章中，Lee R. Lynd和Jeremy Woods表示，增加生物质(生物能源)的能源生产并不需要损害粮食作物的种植——如果做法合适，它可以增加非洲的粮食保障和繁荣。例如，可以用在低质量的旱地上种植的不能食用的农作物生产生物能源，这不会与粮食生产的需求竞争。

在6月22日发表于《自然》网站的文章中，Lee R. Lynd和Jeremy Woods表示，增加生物质(生物能源)的能源生产并不需要损害粮食作物的种植如果做法合适，它可以增加非洲的粮食保障和繁荣。生物探索推荐： 寻找完美生物能源，未来任重道远 斯坦福教授称可从岩石中提取天然气提供能源 熊猫粪便中细菌或可解决未来能源危机 牛胃能源危机新救星？ 生物探索推荐英文原文： Perspective: A new hope for Africa It has widely been assumed that increased production of energy from biomass requires a sacrifice in food security, particularly for the world's poor. Yet closer scrutiny suggests that modern bioenergy in the form of fuel, electricity or heat could be developed in ways that actually enhance food security. In Africa, where the incidence of food insecurity is highest, hunger persists because of multiple compounding factors: poverty, poorly developed agricultural infrastructure and support, degraded land and armed conflict. Underlying these factors is a legacy of three decades of neglect for agricultural development in the poorest countries of the world. After the success of the Green Revolution in conquering famine in India, Pakistan and elsewhere in Asia in the 1960s, the world entered a prolonged period of plentiful and cheap food. As documented by Roger Thurow and Scott Kilman in their book Enough: Why the World's Poorest Starve in an Age of Plenty, this abundance shifted attention away from further agricultural development, particularly for Africa. The prevailing thinking in the West was: our food is cheap and abundant; developing countries can buy food from us; if people are hungry, we'll feed them. Global support for agricultural development in Africahas declined from US$8 billion a year in the 1980s to less than US$3 billion, and aid from the United States has plummeted more steeply. This period also saw the introduction of the 'structural adjustment' philosophy of fiscal austerity at leading development agencies such as the World Bank. Poor countries were urged to shrink the size of government, disband inefficient public sector enterprises and let the private sector take over. But the private sector was inexperienced and undercapitalized, and both suppliers and lenders considered smallholder farmers to be too poor to be a worthy market. The result, observes Thurow, was that agricultural schools and research institutes in Africa were woefully underfunded. Extension services, which had distributed the latest technology and advice to farmers, were neglected. Rural infrastructure collapsed. Development of storage facilities, farm-to-market roads, rural finance and commodity markets was ignored. One-third to one-half of agriculture production routinely went to waste before it could get to a market. African agricultural productivity fell further behind the rest of the world (see 'The Africa lag'). Without government support or financial mechanisms such as futures pricing and crop insurance, Africa's farmers were left bearing all the risk of an inherently risky business. Add to this inferior infrastructure, outdated knowledge and technology, and unimproved seeds, and it is clear why many found it impossible to compete and so abandoned production of surplus crops. There are some encouraging recent signs. Prompted in part by the food price spike of 20072008, the world has refocused attention on global food security. Sensibly, agricultural development is replacing emergency aid as the lead strategy in fighting hunger. In addition, Africa's farmers are now being seen as indispensable if the world is to meet the challenge of roughly doubling its food production to meet predicted increases in population by 2050. Nowhere else is the potential to increase agricultural yields so great. Consideration of the impact of bio energy on African food security has tended to focus on land competition and to overlook bioenergy's marked potential to promote rural development. However, potentially productive land is rather plentiful in much of Africa whereas lack of development is the most important underlying cause of hunger. August Temu of the World Agroforestry Centre observes: Africa has 12 times the land area of India, similar land quality, and 30% fewer people. And yet India produces enough food to feed itself and Africa does not. The green revolution bypassed Africa primarily owing to serious organizational and institutional weaknesses, not geographically limited capacity. The impact of bioenergy on food insecurity and its frequent companions poverty, and underdeveloped rural areas - depends on the crop grown, the land used, the technology employed, and how the bioenergy supply chain is integrated into agricultural, social and economic systems. A range of options need to be considered. Bioenergy could in principle be produced from inedible plants that grow on land that is not well suited for growing food. Grass has notable potential for regeneration of degraded soils, and plants such as Agave can grow on particularly dry land. Sugar cane requires higher quality land than grass or Agave, whereas annual row crops require the highest quality land. Technology is established for electricity production from biomass, and for biofuel production from sugar cane, corn and oil seeds (e.g. soy, sunflower, oil palm, jatropha). This is not, however, the case for biofuel production from grass or Agave fibre. Although oil seeds are more expensive to produce and most yield less fuel per unit land than other crops, they require the least elaborate processing technology and are thus more practical to produce on a small scale. Configurations involving integrated production of food, animal feed and bioenergy are potentially attractive. Some bioenergy supply chains would make food security worse, whereas others could make it better. Consider the multiple food-security benefits of producing bioenergy from inedible crops grown on marginal land: Employment, and development of marketable skills, for rural Africans who have few opportunities for either. Introduction of sorely needed agricultural infrastructure and knowhow. Improved balance of payments and currency valuation. As economic development proceeds in Africa, demand for electricity and fuel will continue to increase sharply; the cost of importing oil imposes an ever-growing burden on Africa's economies and farmers. Energy democratization, self-sufficiency and availability for agricultural processing. Restricted access to clean, affordable energy impedes development and food production, amplifies losses in the food supply chain and exacerbates hunger. An economically rewarding way to regenerate Africa's vast areas of degraded land. A route to advancing agriculture in Africa, largely independent of factors that have made this difficult in the case of food production. North America and Europe export large amounts of food at prices difficult for African farmers to compete with. But these regions do not export biofuels and are unlikely to do so in the future, and exporting heat and electricity is not feasible. Lessened conflict, which is widely recognized as both a cause and an effect of hunger and poverty in Africa. Using bioenergy to improved both food security and economic security could help replace a vicious cycle with a virtuous one. Crops grown on higher quality land would in general realize the benefits listed above, but the situation is more complex than for marginal land because of stronger interactions with food production. These interactions are a potential asset if managed well, but represent a risk to food security if managed poorly. Assessments of biomass production potential consistently identify Africa and Brazil as the two regions with the greatest capacity. Although each situation is unique, Africa might hope to replicate Brazil's recent success in several respects. The past decade has seen 10% of the Brazilian population lifted out of poverty. Ethanol production nearly doubled during this period, as Brazil has emerged as an international food production and export powerhouse. About half of Brazil's primary energy supply is renewable, and sugar cane provides a third of this from 0.6% of the country's total land area in a region far from the environmentally sensitive Amazon rainforest. Residues from cane ethanol production have become an important source of electricity, and expanding their use for cattle feed is under consideration. Brazil has analysed the impacts of its ethanol industry, documenting macroeconomic benefits as well as increases in the income of labourers and in the level of education and nutrition available to their children. Like Brazil, Africa has the geographical capacity to produce much more food and bioenergy than it requires, while using water sustainably and not compromising biodiversity. We believe that bioenergy can, increasingly over time, improve the food security and well-being of poor Africans, thus turning an assumed liability into an asset. Three outcomes are possible. First, Africa's bioenergy potential could go undeveloped. Given the continent's pressing and persistent problems, this would be unfortunate. Second, bioenergy could be developed in ways that increase food security and prosperity for poor Africans. And third the big concern bioenergy could be developed in a way that benefits few people and further marginalizes many more. The question, then, is: what needs to be done to ensure that we cut with the beneficial edge of bioenergy's double-edged sword? To start with, we suggest that proposed bioenergy projects in Africa be expected to demonstrably improve food security at a local level. This would move the discussion from the abstract to the concrete while honouring legitimate concern over the possibility of exploitation. To achieve this goal will require planning and monitoring. Emerging frameworks and standards for evaluating bioenergy, such as those of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels and the Global Bioenergy Partnership, will need to be adapted to the African context. Privatepublic partnerships are in principle attractive ways to harness the economic engine of private enterprise in order to realize social benefits. Farmer cooperatives could be a way to aggregate the output and represent the interests of smallholder farmers supplying biomass processing facilities. Research is needed on biomass production, conversion technologies and societal integration, emphasizing Africa-specific aspects. Important strategic issues include the different attributes of village-scale and industrial-scale processing, the need to implement near-term options in ways that foster rather than impede deployment of advanced technologies as they become available, and how to access export markets in ways that serve the needs and aspirations of Africans. As humanity faces the multiple challenges of our time, our need to avoid the many approaches that do not foster sustainable outcomes is exceeded only by our need to identify and implement the (probably fewer) approaches that do. Bioenergy is a case in point. The first step towards reaching 'winwin' outcomes with respect to bioenergy, food security and poverty reduction is to recognize that such outcomes are possible.。非洲的大部分地区拥有大片具有生产力的土地，而欠发展让饥饿的情况加剧。使用公私伙伴关系获得社会收益、利用农民合作社代表小农，以及向关于生物质的收益的产生和使之最大化的研究投资。

这可能有多个益处，包括雇佣和培训非洲农村居民，否则他们可能没有这种机会。然后，非洲可能效仿巴西通过增加粮食和乙醇的生产从而在10年之内让其人口的10%脱贫成功。之后应该是使用适合非洲情况的标准进行监测和评估。农业用能源的可供应程度，以及平等地获取能源供应。

这组作者说，非洲的粮食保障问题不是农业能力有限的结果，而是忽视农业发展以及贫穷、基础设施不良、耕地退化以及武装冲突的结果在News and Views文章中，Martin Heimann对这两项研究得出的不同发现进行了讨论。

Nature：关于大气中甲烷浓度增速减慢的不同结论 2011-08-11 10:00 · daisy 甲烷是对气候有显著变暖效应的一种温室气体（只有水蒸气和二氧化碳比它更重要），然而人们对影响其在大气中浓度的因素仍然不是很了解。Fuu Ming Kai等人对北半球和南半球甲烷浓度及同位素特征之间的差别进行了测量，并且得出结论认为，湿地微生物活动程度的降低是主要原因。

摘要：甲烷是对气候有显著变暖效应的一种温室气体（只有水蒸气和二氧化碳比它更重要），然而人们对影响其在大气中浓度的因素仍然不是很了解。不断改变的水稻耕作方式似乎能对北半球趋势的大约一半做出解释。两项新的研究工作为这个谜团提供了线索，但其得出的结论却是相互冲突的。尤其是，20世纪中期其浓度的迅速上升在世纪之交却逐渐地（但暂时性地）慢了下来，造成其增长速度的这一降低的原因目前仍在争论中。与这一结论形成对比的是，Murat Aydin等人将对南极洲冰层中束缚的甲烷的测量与一个简单的大气模型结合了起来，得出结论认为，大气中甲烷浓度上升速度的减慢是由化石燃料生产所排放的甲烷减少引起的。生物探索推荐英文论文摘要： Nature 476, 194197 (11 August 2011) Doi:10.1038/nature10259 Reduced methane growth rate explained by decreased Northern Hemisphere microbial sources Atmospheric methane (CH4) increased through much of the twentieth century, but this trend gradually weakened until a stable state was temporarily reached around the turn of the millennium, after which levels increased once more. The reasons for the slowdown are incompletely understood, with past work identifying changes in fossil fuel, wetland and agricultural sources and hydroxyl (OH) sinks as important causal factors. Here we show that the late-twentieth-century changes in the CH4growth rates are best explained by reduced microbial sources in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results, based on synchronous time series of atmospheric CH4mixing and13C/12C ratios and a two-box atmospheric model, indicate that the evolution of the mixing ratio requires no significant change in Southern Hemisphere sources between 1984 and 2005. Observed changes in the interhemispheric difference of13C effectively exclude reduced fossil fuel emissions as the primary cause of the slowdown. The13C observations are consistent with long-term reductions in agricultural emissions or another microbial source within the Northern Hemisphere. Approximately half (5118%) of the decrease in Northern Hemisphere CH4emissions can be explained by reduced emissions from rice agriculture in Asia over the past three decades associated with increases in fertilizer application and reductions in water use. Figure 1:Long-term trends in atmospheric CH4,13C-CH4, andD-CH4. Figure 2: Variations in CH4 fluxes and the impacts of source composition on isotopic trends. Figure 3: Evidence for intensification of rice agriculture in Asia.

Fuu Ming Kai等人对北半球和南半球甲烷浓度及同位素特征之间的差别进行了测量，并且得出结论认为，湿地微生物活动程度的降低是主要原因。与这一结论形成对比的是，Murat Aydin等人将对南极洲冰层中束缚的甲烷的测量与一个简单的大气模型结合了起来，得出结论认为，大气中甲烷浓度上升速度的减慢是由化石燃料生产所排放的甲烷减少引起的。

在News and Views文章中，Martin Heimann对这两项研究得出的不同发现进行了讨论。两项新的研究工作为这个谜团提供了线索，但其得出的结论却是相互冲突的。

生物探索推荐英文论文摘要： Nature 476, 194197 (11 August 2011) Doi:10.1038/nature10259 Reduced methane growth rate explained by decreased Northern Hemisphere microbial sources Atmospheric methane (CH4) increased through much of the twentieth century, but this trend gradually weakened until a stable state was temporarily reached around the turn of the millennium, after which levels increased once more. The reasons for the slowdown are incompletely understood, with past work identifying changes in fossil fuel, wetland and agricultural sources and hydroxyl (OH) sinks as important causal factors. Here we show that the late-twentieth-century changes in the CH4growth rates are best explained by reduced microbial sources in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results, based on synchronous time series of atmospheric CH4mixing and13C/12C ratios and a two-box atmospheric model, indicate that the evolution of the mixing ratio requires no significant change in Southern Hemisphere sources between 1984 and 2005. Observed changes in the interhemispheric difference of13C effectively exclude reduced fossil fuel emissions as the primary cause of the slowdown. The13C observations are consistent with long-term reductions in agricultural emissions or another microbial source within the Northern Hemisphere. Approximately half (5118%) of the decrease in Northern Hemisphere CH4emissions can be explained by reduced emissions from rice agriculture in Asia over the past three decades associated with increases in fertilizer application and reductions in water use. Figure 1:Long-term trends in atmospheric CH4,13C-CH4, andD-CH4. Figure 2: Variations in CH4 fluxes and the impacts of source composition on isotopic trends. Figure 3: Evidence for intensification of rice agriculture in Asia. 。尤其是，20世纪中期其浓度的迅速上升在世纪之交却逐渐地（但暂时性地）慢了下来，造成其增长速度的这一降低的原因目前仍在争论中。

摘要：甲烷是对气候有显著变暖效应的一种温室气体（只有水蒸气和二氧化碳比它更重要），然而人们对影响其在大气中浓度的因素仍然不是很了解。不断改变的水稻耕作方式似乎能对北半球趋势的大约一半做出解释。Nature：关于大气中甲烷浓度增速减慢的不同结论 2011-08-11 10:00 · daisy 甲烷是对气候有显著变暖效应的一种温室气体（只有水蒸气和二氧化碳比它更重要），然而人们对影响其在大气中浓度的因素仍然不是很了解7 做PCR电泳后跑电泳，目的基因是489BP的，结果每次切胶回收后再跑电泳就变成500多了，快到600了？为什么？ 有时只靠电泳结果判断是不准确的，同样的片段每次跑的远近会有不同。

2、 DNA降解：避免DNA的核酸酶污染。切下来的胶放在4度冰箱中4、5小时没有问题回收的效果也很好。

建议经常更换电泳缓冲液。配25ml的PAGE胶，加0.03克AP粉剂，最后加入25ulTEMED，20分钟左右就可以凝固（当然这个时候拔梳子，会有少量未凝固的PAGE在孔里形成丝状干扰，使加的样品看起来不太漂亮，但一般不影响跑胶效果和条带的形状和位置）。

核查所用电泳缓冲液是否有足够的缓冲能力。3、 DNA 变性：电泳前请勿高温加热DNA链，以20mM NaCl Buffer稀释DNA。

在保证TEMED和AP质量的情况下，每次配胶时，直接称一定量的AP粉剂溶入液体状态的PAGE中，这样可以保证AP的催化能力，而且可以多加一点。DNA链巨大，常规凝胶电泳不合适??在脉冲凝胶电泳上分析。3、 所用电泳条件不合适:电泳时电压不应超过20V/cm，温度＜30℃。2、 电泳缓冲液陈旧:电泳缓冲液多次使用后，离子强度降低，pH值上升，缓冲能力减弱，从而影响电泳效果。

9 凝胶回收DNA实验的关键在哪里? 最关键的是切胶之后,溶胶的那一步.切胶的时候要尽量把多余的琼脂糖凝胶切干净,按照实验步骤,第一步应该是将胶充分的溶化.这以后步一定要做充分,保证凝胶已经完全溶解了.加乙醇这步也很关键，当凝胶溶解后最好多过几次柱子。3 跑出的DNA带模糊？ 1、 DNA降解：避免核酸酶污染。

6、 有蛋白污染：电泳前酚抽提去除蛋白。RNA 用具要用10%的NaOH浸泡过液，再用DEPC水冲洗干净 70%的乙醇用过 国产分析乙醇有杂质，RNA酶还会有，并带入其它污染。

有经验显示目的片段是1300多，结果就跑到1000的marker下面去了，后来证实片段没有问题。2、 分子大小相近的DNA带不易分辨??增加电泳时间，核准正确的凝胶浓度。